Essay Coca Cola External Analysis - 1380 Words

Executive Summary The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code for the Coca-Cola Company is 3121 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). This NAICS code is used to identify Soft Drink Manufacturing. However, the icon Coca-Cola is not in this industry alone. The data of 2002 identifies 2,908 competitors in this category (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002). This NAICS code encompasses establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing soft drinks and artificially carbonated waters. Although Coca-Cola has made its global footprint as a leading competitor in this market and they continue strategizing for long-term sustainable growth, Coca-Cola is innovative in their methodology and application to maintain one-step ahead of their†¦show more content†¦Coca-Cola’s ability to maintain a strong global competitor over the last 125 years is evident of the company’s knack to foster success by being flexible, broad in thought, and provide transparency of and within the organization. They c ontinue to collaborate with bottling distributors, seek environmental solutions to waste and recycling, and maintain competitive pricing and products all while seeking to understand consumer demands. Porter’s 5-Forces Analysis High †¢ Competitive Rivalry: advertising, high entry barrier, number of competitors, brand recognition, market share †¢ Threat of Substitution: minimize with mergers, brand loyalty, current trends, switching costs, perceived price/value Moderate: †¢ Supplier Power: number of suppliers, cost of changing suppliers, size of suppliers, raw materials †¢ Buyer Power: number of buyers, pricing, brand loyalty of buyer, bargaining leverage, buyer volume †¢ Threat of New Entry: capital requirements, fixed costs, distribution access, patents and proprietary knowledge, government regulations (QuickMBA.com, 2009-2010) Opportunities Taken to Create Product Substitution Coca-Cola can set itself apart from competitors such as Pepsi Co. and Cadburry Schweppes without limiting there consumer support. These competitors also dabble in the distribution of food and snack products. Coca-Cola’s focus is primarily onShow MoreRelatedExternal Environment Analysis of Coca-Cola1916 Words   |  8 PagesExternal Environment Analysis Trident University International MGT599 Mod 2 Case Executive Summary In this section of the company analysis we will be examining several of the external factors present in the Coca-Cola Company’s environment. We will conduct a Porter’s 5-forces analysis, a PEST analysis which will include a look at political, economic, social, and technological factors, and will show how the Coca-Cola Company has a solid grasp on its place in the market along with its majorRead MoreThe Success Of The Coca Cola Company1091 Words   |  5 Pages The success of the Coca Cola Company has provided over 500 brands over the history of 127 years of being a beverage company. Coca Cola Company is the world’s largest beverage company focusing in five key areas of people, profits, portfolio, partners, and planet. The Coca Cola Company uses a smaller model to understand and control the growth, resources, and capabilities of their organization. Coca Cola vision clearly outlines the aspect of what they need to accomplish in order to sustain, qualityRead MoreInternal Analysis and Swot Analysis Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesLeiker MGT599 Module 3 Case: Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis Dr. Kenneth McGee    Introduction Strategic planners analyze Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) to determine internal and external threats to a company. â€Å"The SWOT analysis is a business tool available in the tool box of any small business owner† (Zahorsky, 2009). An internal analysis specifically covers the Strengths and Weaknesses portion of the SWOT analysis. The intent of this paper is to performRead MoreThe Role Of External Environment On The Business Environment1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types-external and internal environment. The external environment has an indirect influence on the business that is uncontrollable by the organization. The internal environment, on the other hand, has a direct impact on the business. These internal factors that are controllable by the company can be altered or modified to meet the company’s needs. The beverage company that has had a major impact in the world has been the Coca-Cola company. We will examine this company extern al and internalRead MoreCoca Cola, The Biggest Supplier And Producer Of Carbonated Soft Drink1453 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Coca-Cola is the biggest supplier and producer of carbonated soft drink which are heavily known and sold all over the world. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the drink is sold in more than 200 countries worldwide. Coca-Cola are the biggest drink manufacturer in the world and because of its soaring popularity it is the most popular beverage in the world. Forbes ranks Coca-Cola as #4 on the world’s most popular brand with a brand value of $56billion as of 2015. Coca-Cola is recognisedRead MoreThe Coca-Cola Company: Business Analysis and Recommendations1254 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company Company Overview: The multinational company that I have chosen is Coca Cola Company since it is a very popular brand and has been serving its customers for more then 10 decades and even after so many years its popularity seems to be increasing day by day which itself speaks about the companys remarkable performance. The Coca Cola Company is an American multinational corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of the nonalcoholic beverageRead MoreEnvironmental Scan Essays952 Words   |  4 Pagesscanning is getting-together data for the external and the internal of the company. A SWOTT is the paramount technique to gather the data. A SWOTT is defining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends of the business.    Environmental scanning can be defined as the procedure of collecting, examining, and assigning data for strategic purposes. The finest way to achieve environmental scanning is by generating a SWOTT analysis. A SWOTT analysis is in what way a business can outline t heRead MoreCoca Cola Company s First Year Sales1461 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the beginning the Coca-Cola Company’s first servings were five cents per glass and in the first year sales were averaged at around nine servings per day in Atlanta. Today, daily servings of Coca-Cola Beverages are estimated at around 1.9 billion dollars globally. The company strives to continue to live by their mission of refreshing the world, inspiring moments of optimism and happiness, creating value and making a difference. Their mission guides them to the vision of continuallyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Coca Cola Company1249 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation Paper Esteban D. Romero PHL/320 March 23, 2016 Dr. David Aiken Company Overview The Coca-Cola Company is a leading giant in the soft drink manufacturing industry. The company creates, produces, distributes and markets non-alcoholic beverage syrups and concentrates to bottlers worldwide to produce soft drinks, and artificially carbonated beverages. The Coca-Cola Company boasts more than 500 brands, including waters, juice drinks, and ready-to-drink coffees, teas, and energyRead MoreBargaining Power Of Buyer : Coca Cola724 Words   |  3 PagesBargaining Power of buyer: (Low) †¢ The individual buyer has no pressure on Coca-Cola (Porter’s Five Forces In Action: Sample Analysis of Coca-Cola). †¢ Large retailers have bargaining power because of the large order quantity. Consumer brand loyalty lessens the bargaining power (Porter’s Five Forces In Action: Sample Analysis of Coca-Cola). Bargaining Power of Supplier: (Low) †¢ The main ingredients for soft drink include carbonated water, phosphoric acid, sweetener, and caffeine. The suppliers are

Depression Symptoms and Coping Mechanisms Essay - 600 Words

There’s always a reason for the cause of depression even though there might not be anything bothering you at the moment. There might’ve been something bothering in the past that you have forgotten about. A single thought might trigger those feelings that played a role with that forgotten thought. Basic categories of depression according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) are Dysthymia, Major Depressive Disorder, Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, and Secondary depression. There are two other depression classifications that aren’t listed under DSM-IV manual that practitioners often use. They are Endogenous (Chemical) Depression and Exogenous (External) Depression. The DSM-IV is confusing to the†¦show more content†¦Adjustment Disorder is the reaction from changes in your lifestyle for an example, starting school, getting a divorce, or unexpected catastrophes. Depression NOS can be caused by premenstrual and season al depression. Secondary depression would be depression caused from medical disorders such as hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is when your thyroid glands don’t produce enough hormones. In order for one to be classified into a certain DSM-IV category, doctors must first identify whether or not it’s either a chemical or an external depression. From studies created by neuroscientists, they have suggested that chemical and electrical responses cause depression. Chemical depression is known to be an imbalance of your neurotransmitters and can sometimes be genetically passed on. Studies show that using anti-depressant drugs can help change the brains chemistry in a positive manner. There are different coping mechanisms that a depressed individual can perform if you identify the problem(s) that are causing you to feel the way you do. Many times, individual’s have more than one problem that can’t be solved all at once. Managing one problem at a time may help you balance your challenges until you have actually developed an official solution. Another coping mechanism with depression is being associated with others. Being in the presence of others can enlighten your attitude towards your problems. Having a clear mindShow MoreRelatedA Stress And Coping Theory Proposed That Stress From Social And Environmental Factors1308 Words   |  6 Pages A stress and coping theory proposed that stress from social and environmental factors underlie how detrimental romantic relationships can be on young female’s mental health (Brooks-Gunn Warren, 1989). This suggests that females maturing earlier than males, are genetically pre-disposed to be vulnerable to stress during this period. Research has found that females carrying a specific short allele are genetically predisposed to depression, following stress-related incidences. 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Managing Business Activities to Achieve Result

Question 1: Evaluate the interrelationship between the different processes and functions of the organization.Justify the methodology to be used to map processes to the organizations goals and objectives.Evaluate the output of the process and the quality gateways. Answer 1: Executive Summary This paper elucidates the way in which "Asian Paints Ltd." perform their abilities in Indian and in worldwide business focuses. The task consolidates the going hand in hand with subjects:Focuses and goals influencing the structure, lifestyle and association methods of "Asian Paints"Districts of responsibilities and useful game plan of "Asian Paints"Quality control routines and systems to watch fitting system to overhaul progressive execution at "Asian Paints",Wellbeing security principles at "Asian Paints Ltd."The Purpose and purpose of the task is To make new courses of action which would help "Asian Paints Ltd." to enhance their execution in close-by and in worldwide markets To give a knowing of the fitness remembering the final objective to handle the exercises in the association office to enhance their execution and execution. To make effective arranging, on how the organization of "Asian Paints Ltd." can enhance the association strategies. To give a knowing of how the utilitarian arranging capacities can give an alternate looks so it achieves the change of the association. To consider how best quality is of key centrality in displaying new top quality examinations, strategies and frameworks. To Indicates how security oversees in an office can be redesigned in better ways. Introduction "Asian Paints Ltd." is the India's greatest shade relationship as a rule society industry and a normal relationship on the stock exchange at BSE being its standard, which offers in progress enhancing covers which infers that they are into additional industry who offers into creation the consequence of the vital business (Asian Paints, 2015). "Asian Paints Ltd." lives up to expectations in 22 nations and has 30 shade creation work places on the planet upkeep buyers in abundance of 65 nations. The affiliation was joined in the year 1942. "Asian Paints Ltd." have liberally robotized its abilities in India using the creative course of action gave by SAP and i2. It helped the affiliation drive preferences of speedier business examination for better choosing (Viva Books Private Limited, 2009). Affiliations are dealt with in a couple of unique courses, based on their targets and lifestyle. The arrangement of an association will comprehend the course in which it offers and its adequacy. Stru cture allows the responsibilities for various idiosyncrasies and routines to be unmistakably doled out to unique divisions and workers (Mullins, 2007). The control of "Asian Paints Ltd." has realized a later various levelled structure from the year 2007 making behind their high power asked for framework where it was concentrated and paperwork was given. On the other hand it is right away the control who has executed a more decentralized framework and a slimmer structure which is more versatile in satisfying desires and it is dealt with as shown by what each area or division does. By having this kind of legitimate framework the issue of relationship by system for overviews from workers is settled, also the structure grants mix performing of division which allows in better settling on decisions and important information from the experts are considered. The last yet not the smallest it allows the association to consign procedure to the lessened level that are prepared to take responsibilities and needs to get the ends of the line of the associations, which makes the association best suitable (Cultural Aspect, 2008).The system applying is a conspicuous help which helps in understanding the work method for "Asian Paints Ltd". The achievements of any association relies on upon the capacity to partner the vital contrivances and the key exercises of the association. Technique mapping is a strategy where an association process or work methodology is changed into a self-evident, unmistakable game plan. The achievements of any association relies on upon the capacity to partner the vital contrivances and the key exercises of the association furthermore how frameworks and exercises interrelate and the online stream of the system (Miller, 2004). The procedures which are needed to the affiliation's goals and targets are RD division in light of the fact that this has incited perform affiliation's destinations and goals by showing an alternate thing consistently which is the first goal purpose behind the firm. Exchange systems which are needed to affiliations destinations and expectation is CRM division. This is one of the allotments which they have in a general sense upgraded in "Asian Paints Ltd". They presented programming like SAP, I2 and ERP which has provoked finishing their activity of making a prompt association with the client and upgrade client care. It is a direct result of that "Asian Paints Ltd" has get over the issue of not having sufficient information to regulate client information. "Asian Paints Ltd." has always endeavoured to fulfil all the parts of their target advertisement since the start. "Asian Paints" has always managed a top high gauge of things organizations. They have shown new things some of the time for their customers. All the new destinations presented by the control of "Asian Paints Ltd." fulfil the necessities of "Astute (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results-organized Time bound)". The result of any business frameworks are concentrated around destinations and segregating accomplishment perspectives.Some of CSF remembering the final objective to bring particular astounding result exercises which brings about social occasion the result need of the firm:SAP writing computer programs was an example in APL in perspective of which they end up ready to handle client data control with more conspicuous presentation more expected aftereffects of client needs are being pulled in.Sweeping measure of things has ensured that APL has taken most grouping of business zone which realizes be their magnificent result need.They are starting now the most important mixture of thing profile in the matter of shade, substances, and Material produces.The other CSF is lower throughput time where how heaps of your imperativeness and effort is being taken to complete unit of thing from unrefined material to finished thing. Moreover APL has continually conveyed things expediently which timescale of scattering system is furthermore gotten. Question 2: Design plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility.Write objectives which are SMART based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way.Implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in most efficient way on time to budget and meeting organisational standards of quality?Carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control Answer 2: The reason it has chosen this definition of own area of responsibility because there has been a recent development in the process of CRM (SAP) and as well as it was closely linked to the CRM process of Asian paints. The development of CRM was huge success for Asian paints because APL first piloted the process of SAP (Project Tantra) which saw a huge response in base country and then expanded their SAP process to the international operations which was further saw rise in the revenue generation faster customer acquisitions.The areas of responsibilities of Asian Paints are Internal External customers, Customer orientation, Market Research, Product development, and time management and CRM.Asian Paints have both internal and external customers in their organisation, e.g. of internal customers to Asian Paints are Suppliers, workers, stakeholders etc. Whereas external customers are those people who help the organisation to meet its objectives who work for the organisation externally. For example Customers, government, market agencies etc. Asian paints follow a market driven/ led business. Asian paints bestow their resources in order to satisfy their customers. Whereas the other area of responsibility of Asian Paints is product development, where they carry out strategic analysis for reviewing their existing plans and identifying newer opportunities and risk associated. Out of the two main forms of strategic analysis i.e. SWOT Analysis and Ansoffs matrix, Asian Paints uses Ansoffs matrix as their model to review their product development (Papers4you.com, 2008).The purpose of product development is to draw new customers and maintain existing customers. Asian paints has made many product developments like in the category of wall paints it has developed emulsion paints which are washable called Tractor and acrylic emulsion. Asian paints royal was also a product development strategy which has helped them to gain potential new buyers. Planning is the keystone for any business in order to achieve its objectives. The functions of organising, leading, and controlling carry out the decisions of planning. Although some environments are less predictable than others, all organisations operate in uncertain environments. For an organisation to succeed, management somehow must cope with and adapt to, change and uncertainty. Therefore, for Asian Paints planning is the only tool management for them to adapt to change in their organisation and succeed in the future. Planning helps Asian Paints to define its purposes and activities. It enables them to set performance standards so that results can be compared with the standard to help managers to see how the organisation is progressing towards its goals (David, 1983).Actions are specified, chosen means to achieve the objectives. The chosen course of action is to install SAP and ERP softwares systems in the organisation nationally and internationally. Resources are those factors of production which will help them to initiate the implementation process as well as getting acquainted to the newer technology in the organisation for e.g. Land, labour capital and enterprise of Asian Paints. Finally the implementation process is where it involves the assignment and direction of personnel to carry out the plan.As stated above in one of the Business Objectives that Asian Paints objective is to improve CRM for the year 2011, they came up with higher end technology of SAP and ERP management software where they have significantly improved their CRM and have managed to achieve their goals and objective with the help of this process. Asian paints realized that the firms long term growth depended on their ability to forge even closer ties to the end consumers. It has drawn a business plan of CRM SAP process for APL in designing a business plan in order to promote goals and objectives.Asian Paints own area of responsibilitys plan is to improve CRM process in the organisati on with the help of the above mentioned elements of planning will help them to gain their corporate objective. CRM is crucial procedure in light of the fact that it helps worth to the association and it allows to enhance association is a successful way. As it depicted over that "Asian Paints" perceived that the affiliation's tough headway relied on upon their ability to make much closer relationship with the end customers (Arthur C. Beck, 1983).A diminishing closer connection to the end customers was the reason behind showing a prerequisite for more answer for their home craftsmanship needs. "Asian paints" associated with move from thing centred era to organization based creation and they began the CRM technique with the support of "Asian Paints" home colour range.The choice of SAP Net Weaver system in their association was to get over the snag, with the help SAP application "Asian Paints" were skilled fulfil all the necessities in their association furthermore blend with SAP Net Weaver association sagacity would safeguard them draw out more private study which would make a more incite connec tion to the clients.They foundation the whole new SAP association methodology with client affiliations centre that get phone calls from clients and thereafter ahead the motivation to an exchange additional association "Asian paints". Starting there they will successfully pass the unpretentious components to the offering partners groups who bring a meeting with the client and give the purposes of enthusiasm to Connection accomplice who go to the client property for site study and ahead the motivation to Asian Paints colour world for picking limitless, it further goes to the foreman for getting the paints through "Asian paints" intermediaries who resources the paints for "Asian paints". Last yet not the base it withdraws to the Connection division who performs the masterpiece framework at the clients place with the accreditation (Doran, 1981).To apply appropriate structures to get the goals in best course on a chance to arrange and social affair definitive necessities of top quality, it has picked the Project Management contraption to apply suitable requirements.An endeavour is a prohibitive push to make a set of deliverables inside obviously brought up time, esteem and top quality imprisonments. Assignments differentiate so much that they are tricky to centring. Work is a select meander which has a beginning and an end date, performed by people to meet made ends of the line inside a parameter of quality standard and quality (Buchanan, 1992). "Asian paints" partake in two exercises. To make something else they are Style Growth Developing Requirements. "Asian paints" systems on things which are industry take things. In this circumstance the association first reports that thing arrangements could improve if something else were made to entice their clients. In the wake of undertaking the asking about the business the RD Division of "Asian paints" set up the subtle elements of the things. Quality Included Sequence of "Asian paints" has the strategy where they buy unrefined substance from their suppliers of remarkable necessities and they create things with inconceivable worth (Basu, 2004). Question 3: Design system to manage and monitor quality standard specified by the organisation.Demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process.Recommend improvements which align with the organizations objectives and goals and which results in improvement?Report on the wider implications of the proposed changes within the organization? Answer 3: In today's existence "Quality" has transformed into the most basic viewpoint in recognizing the affiliations parts to stay in this intense business. Top mind blowing quality things lead to client a fair reputation and fulfilment. These, hence make do it again arrangements, dedicated customers and customers. (Juran, 1999), has portrayed phenomenal quality as health for usage and it has two parts, for instance, mind blowing high gauge of arrangement and unprecedented high bore of conformance.For Quality of Conformance "Asian Paints" affirms that the requirements of the made things or organizations doesn't have any issues in the complete things. Quality Guarantee "Asian Paints" makes without question that the things are conveyed of amazing essentials because of the examinations that have been made far. In "Asian Paints" Quality Guarantee is setting and enduring to those necessities all through the association and confirming that they are consented to so client thought is obtained. The Q A division first commitment of weighing is in Provider phenomenal quality confirmation, wherein the supplier ensures the inconceivable high gauge of unrefined material gave and licenses the client access while the things are being made. The benefit of using this sort QA system is to remove things inward examination and saving stores of cost and time in stream delivering (Burke, 2007). For "Asian Paints" top quality control is the technique for them and additionally its a nonstop appraisal of their procedure. As said before in the above request that TQM is a viewpoint for dealing with an association in a way that allows it to fulfil stakeholder's necessities and premonitions suitably.It is said that TQM is especially tricky to satisfy if the progressive lifestyle case in point expressing, obsolescent, subcultures etc. don't work in whole solidarity then the whole framework which is being approved is in issues, consequently at "Asian Paints" their stress on altering lifestyle passes on top quality to check nonstop after and advancement of the system (Asian Paints, 2015).It may need to suggest "Asian paints" to look at "Six Sigma" thought in light of the way that it is a framework that usage to enhance the result high top nature of a technique. It start towards accomplishing the ends of the line and reason, gainfulness processing, strategy update. It joins all the as sociation frameworks makes the association work towards the zero issues. If "Asian paints" utilizes this contraption of top quality update it will engineer the affiliation's inspiration and objectives. It has given fundamental accomplishment variables to legitimize his picked of six sigma device of top quality change. The purpose of having six sigma is to redesign the association methodologies in the association and slaughter issues in the association with the objective that the association is more effective and sufficiently capable to achieve its customer essentials (Bain, 1983).This paper inclination to propose "Asian Paints Ltd" to settle on six sigma gadget of worth change in light of the way that it helps the relationship to decrease the collecting issues, enhance the association viability, and overhaul the capability and benefit of all abilities to fulfil the needs and targets. The fundamental limit of six sigma is to fulfil the client need, overhaul client shielding and enhan ce association things and organizations (Adams six sigma, 2003). Question 4: Carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organizational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken?Demonstrate that health and safety regulations and legislations applicable in specific work situations are correctly and effectively applied?Carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant?Carry out practical applications of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace? Answer 4: Wellbeing and Protection regulation can be depicted as, sorted out exercises and systems for choosing office dangers and lessening wounds and contact with destructive circumstances and fixings. It moreover contains get ready of authorities in scene security, event reaction, basic planning and use of wellbeing clothing and devices.A threat evaluation is an essential action in guaranteeing masters for "Asian Paints" and its business, similarly with act depending upon the law set by the organization. For "Asian Paints" it swears up and down to them to remain centrepiece which is a subject in work space the ones which causes issues. In a couple of circumstances clear exercises can without a doubt regulate dangers, for example, instantly washed surfaces keeps masters from dropping on the floor or keeping the vehicle safe devices being reliably given higher and surprising materials from sidestepping the workers not getting used and saving the workers from hotness shafts conveyed out by the machines.The standards do envision that every association will practice yet they have to see the security of agents and also amass free to move around at will. It has seen the affirmation order according to the Industries showing of 1948 for security and flourishing of the labourers joined with "Paint Industry".To bring out a deliberate evaluation of legitimate affirmation principles and system it has pulled in a protection tenets which is trailed by "Asian Paints Ltd".It considers that "Asian paints" are continually arranged to agree to the change and make these movements in their association. Separating the force of protection rules it is essential for "Asian Paints" to know whether they are convincing and sufficiently affirmed to practice affirmation control in their association.It will now portray the quality of protection tenets at "Asian Paints" with the zones it needs to overhaul. It has tagged quite recently the inconspicuous components which he acknowledges update are to be made.According to the paper, the other wellbeing and security technique which needs to basically to be used is the Work supplies and equipment. The organization should have a concurrence with the current venders who are giving the quarterly reports of the backing of the rigging or they should start managing at the motivation behind obtaining new contraption in the relationship by having an early contract with dealer for upkeep or supplanting old with new machines.Last yet not the scarcest the practical application of Fire and impact show of wellbeing and security in "Asian paints" could be conceivable by having month to month b last false infiltrate which will make the association use the fire extinguisher, which will keep it from getting slipped by and quality for money is emulated. Conclusion "Asian paints" are an association that has being working in India for latest 30 years and also worldwide with complete 22 limits generally. It has determined how the interrelationship between assorted strategies has provoked satisfying business ends of the line and objectives. From that point on it has said the spots of responsibilities and valuable game plan of the association and how they can be made strides. Despite it has said how "Asian Paints" have prepared to watch fitting frameworks of quality strategies to have the ability to enhance various levelled viability. Last yet not the scarcest it has said how "Asian paints" have dealt with certification in the working environment. References Adams six sigma, 2003. Benefits of six sigma. Arthur C. Beck, E. D. H., 1983. Positive Management Practices: Bringing out the best in organisation and people. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Bain, D., 1983. The productivity Prescription. In: The managers guide to improve productivity and profits. New York: McGraw- Hill, pp. 119-27. Basu, R. 2. ,., 2004. Implementing quality, Boston, MA, United States of America: Cengage learning EMEA. Buchanan, B., 1992. Fundamentals of project management. 1st ed. New York: s.n. David, A. F., 1983. Strategies towards political pressure: A typology of firm responses. Academy of management review, 71-78. Doran, G. T., 1981. Theres a SMART way to write managements goals and objectives. Management review, 70(11). Juran, 1999. Juran Quality Control Handbook. 5th ed. s.l.:McGraw-Hill International. Miller, A., 2004. Strategic management. 2nd ed. New York: USA: s.n. Mullins, L., 2007. Management and organizational behaviour. 8th ed. s.l.:Pearson education ltd. Viva Books Private Limited, 2009. Business essential: Management. 1st ed. London: BPP learning media. Managing Business Activities To Achieve Result Questions : (A) Develop a report as required below : 1. After going through the organizational structure and the existing culture in ABC Company, identify all major positions in the departments and draw an organizational chart to support your answer. 2. List and identify the relationships between different functions/processes and explain the different functions and processes. 3. List the key aims, objectives and mission of ABC Company and draw a process map for any one of the functions. 4. Evaluate the elements required to build a quality gateway, which focuses on the output of theprocess. 5. Design a plan to promote goals and objectives for ABC Company to ensure plans are consistent with legal, regulatory and ethical requirements. 6. Write, using SMART objectives, your recommendations relating to the alignment of people and other resources, in an effective and efficient way. 7. Implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives in the most efficient way, on time, to budget and meeting organisational standards of quality. 8. Carry out work activities meeting the operational plan through effective monitoring and control. (B)Develop a report as required below : 1. Explain the systems required to manage and monitor quality standards of ABC Company. 2. Demonstrate a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring, evaluation and development of the process. 3. Recommend improvements which align with the organisations objectives and goals and which results in improvements. Highlight the elements of your plan which are going to bring continuous improvement in the system. 4. Write a brief report on the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation. 5. Advice on how to carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements ensuring appropriate action is taken. 6. Demonstrate the correct and effective application of the health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in ABC Company. 7. Carry out a systematic review of organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and compliant. 8. Advise on how to carry out the practical application of health and safety policies and procedures ABC Company. Answers : (A) Major positions and organizational chart There are plenty of positions available at ABC company. Each position in the company plays a different role. Few of the positions that are very actively involved in the business process are as follows: - Recruitment Associate Recruitment Executive Recruitment Team Lead Recruitment Manager Client coordinator Resource management executive Sales Executive Sales manager Relationship manager Directors Human Resource executive Human Resource Manager Finance Executive Finance manager System Admin IT manager Organizational Structure is attached separately. Relationship between different functions In ABC company, there are five major functions and they Recruitment, accounts, sales, HR and IT. The recruitment team works independently but they are dependent on other teams for various things. The recruitment team will meet up with the HR professionals to understand the various policies that can be beneficial to them. On the other end, they will interact with the accounts team so that they can get details regarding their salary, advances and also taxes. Lastly, they will interact with the IT team if any problem in their computer arises. The sales team will work directly with the management and their main job is to get in resources for the growth of the organization. The sales team works with the accounts team so that the invoice details of each client can be shared to the accounts team. The sales team will have a complete idea about the business that is expected in the near future and hence, they will share their plan with the HR team. The HR team in turn will hire the resources, quite in advance, so that the business is not affected. The HR team will interact with all the teams so that they can share the employment policies with all the employees. The attendance data will be sent by the HR team to the account team and hence, they both will have to work cordially. The HR team will also conduct soft skill trainings for the recruitment executives and recruitment associates so that they can interact with the client and also improve on other fronts. The accounts team will be taking care of payroll and hence, the employees in the organization will coordinate with the account team for any queries with regards to salary and taxation. The interaction between the account team will be very less with the employees but they will interact with the management on daily basis so that they can get idea about the invoices and also the new clients. Aims, Mission and Objectives of ABC company and process map of recruitment process There are various aims, missions and objectives of ABC company but just like all the other companies, they want to excel in the field that they have chosen. Few of the aims, mission and objectives that have been formally set by ABC company are as follows: - 1. The company wants to have its presence in multiple industries so that the organization can be known among clients from different industries. 2. The company wants to increase contract recruiting as the revenue generated from contract recruitment is more than that of permanent staffing. 3. ABC company wants to be a trustworthy company for the candidates as well as the clients. This will help the clients to trust the company and on the other end, the candidates will also trust the company. 4. ABC company wants to provide a safe and healthy working environment for all the employees in the organization. This will help the employees to stay back longer with the organization. The process for the recruitment is as follows: - Receive job description from the client Confirm if the candidates are available in the market as per the clients requirement. Give confirmation to the client Look for resumes on job portals, social media and internal database Shortlist resumes Call candidates Line up the interested candidate for an interview at ABC consultants Shortlisted candidates can be lined up at the clients place Follow up with the client for interview feedback Communicate with the candidate If the candidate accepts the offer then the position is closed. If not then the recruiter will have to look for replacement. Follow up with candidate till the date of joining If the candidate joins then the position is closed. If not then the recruiter will have to look for some other replacement. Elements required to built quality gateway Few of the elements that will help ABC consultants to built quality gateway are as follows: - 1. Most of the processes should be automated so that the manual errors can be reduced. 2. Internal database is a must for ABC consultants. The internal database should be build over the period of time. This will help the organization to have access to resumes which other similar companies dont have. 3. An internal portal for communication with the client will be very helpful. All the interaction between the client and the client coordinator will be recorded in the portal and hence, changes in the process of ABC company can be made accordingly. Plan to promote goals and objectives Few of the ways by which the goals and objectives of ABC company can be achieved by way of considering the legal, regulatory and ethical requirements are as follows: - 1. The employees in the organization should be paid as per the industry standards so that the company doesnt get into any legal complications. This will help the company to retain the employees in the company. 2. Process documents should be in place so that all the resources in the organization can go through the documents. This will help all the resources to strictly follow the process. 3. The employees in the organization should be paid for overtime. This will motivate the employees to work overtime when there is a project requirement. 4. Workforce planning should be done in advance so that none of the clients are dissatisfied due to lack of resources. The human resources team should train the resources as and when they are free so that the free time of the resources can be utilized. SMART objectives for ABC company Few of the smart objectives that would help the company to be competitive in the market are as follows: - 1. The recruitment cycle time should be reduced by 15%. This objective can be achieved by doing simple things like improving the job description or by training the recruiters. Appropriate job description will help the recruiter to attract the right candidates. Similarly, training the recruiters will help the recruiter to attract the right candidates only. 2. E-recruitment should be in place so that the recruiters can share complete information about the candidate to the client. Similarly, the client should upload the feedback on the portal so that both the companies can have complete information about the candidate who has gone for the interview. 3. Employee engagement in the organization should be increased. Increase in the employee engagement will motivate the employees to stay back with the organization. Due to attrition, the organization is losing the money that they are investing on the employees but with the help of employee engagement activities, the employee retention can be increased. To understand the employees better, the organization can undertake employee engagement survey at regular interviews. 4. The bullying and harassment issues in the organization should be reduced. It is very important to identify the problems that employees are facing and then accordingly, it should be sorted. Identifying these kind of issues will help the employees to address these issues to the management. Ways to achieve financial objectives and quality standards The management will decide on certain systems so that the financial objectives and the quality standards can be met. Few of the ways by which the financial objectives and the quality standards of ABC Company can be met are as follows: - 1. The interim financial statements of the company should be reviewed in timely manner so that even the slight deviations can be noticed at the earliest and actions can be taken accordingly. 2.The company should decide on the revenue that they should generate for the particular quarter. If there is a deviation then a comparison between the actual revenue and the predicted revenue should be done. The mistakes can be corrected in timely manner. 3. A quality assurance team should be set in the organization so that they can take of the quality that is achieved and standards that havent been achieved. This will help the recruiter to strictly follow the guidelines rather than that of being casual with regards to the quality standard. 4. All the government and legal standards will have to be followed by the organization. The management can hire a legal consultant who can take care of the legal requirements of the business. This will help the business to be free from legal complications which may spoil the reputation of the organization in the market. Work activities meeting the operational plan Few of the work activities that will help the organization to achieve the operational plan that has been decided by the management are as follows: - 1. The manager should supervise the activities of the team members. It is very important for the managers to actively supervise rather than that of just waiting for the end result. If the end result is not appropriate then the management will not be able to make the changes and the manager should track the performance of each of the resource on daily basis. 2. Each of the work assigned to the employees in the organization should be time bound. This will help the employees in the organization to stick to the timeline and in case, if the deadline is missed the employees will have to justify. (B) Systems required for managing and monitoring quality Quality management system should be implemented in the organization so that the quality that needs to be achieved can be measured. QMS will help the employees to understand what is expected out of them. It will clearly explain the goals and objectives that need to be achieved. It is merely impossible for the manager to set goal for all the employees in the organization and hence, that will be taken care by the QMS. A strict culture will be followed in the organization so that the new employees in the organization need not be taught regarding what should be done and what should be avoided. Creating culture of quality Quality culture will have to be built in the organization so that quality can be maintained in the organization. Few of the ways by which quality culture can be build at ABC company are discussed below. Leadership is one of the first things that need to be considered while talking about quality. The leader in the organization should be such that he should motivate all the employees to strictly follow the quality standards in the organization. The employees in the organization will have to be involved in the process improvement. This will help the employees to be motivated and hence, they will themselves be concerned about the quality that they need to deliver. Recommendations for continuous improvement Continuous improvement will help the organization to achieve the goals and objectives that they have set forth. Few of the recommendations that would help the organization to improve are as follows: - 1. Training should be provided to employees on continuous basis so that they can be updated with the current policies of the organization. 2. A open house meeting should be conducted on monthly basis so that the employees are motivated to share their opinion and suggestions on various processes. This will help the organization to improve. 3. The clients should be the ultimate focus for the organization. The clients requirement should be reviewed at regular intervals. Similarly, the offerings of the competitors should also be reviewed. Changes proposed at ABC company Few changes are proposed in the company and this will help the company to improve. Few of the changes that would help ABC Company to be competitive enough in the market are as follows: - 1. Manpower planning should be undertaken in the organization. Plenty of employees have left the organization and hence, this has leaded the client dissatisfaction. Manpower planning will help the organization to hire at the right time. If the management thinks that they dont want the existing employees then the organization can opt for VRS. 2.Ideas should be the key focus of the organization. All the managers at ABC Company should be asked to take a brain storming session so that the employees in the organization can share their thoughts and ideas on different processes. The managers should note down all the ideas and share the same with the management. 3. The organization can enter to other areas as well. The organization to start taking up HR outsourcing work. Plenty of organizations are outsourcing the HR work so this will help the organization to generate more revenue. To make this plan successful, the organization will have to hire manpower as the recruitment team may not be aware of activities like payroll and employee engagement. 4. As of now, ABC company is present in only one country. There are plenty of ways by which they can expand. ABC company can enter into developing countries as the number of companies in those countries are increasing. This will help the business to generate more revenue. The management will have to plan on the country that has the potential to grow so that they can accordingly enter the foreign market. Risk Assessment Risk assessment is a five step process so that needs to be followed accordingly in the organization. The risk assessment at ABC company would be as follows: - 1. The risks will be identified so that the risk plan can be accordingly prepared. The possibilities of fire accident, employees getting injured or anything else will be identified so that action can be taken accordingly. 2. The employees who may get harmed if a particular risk takes place in the organization. The employees who may seem to be hurt should be protected so it is very important to plan the risk management accordingly. 3. The risks that have been identified should be evaluated. Evaluating the risk will help the management to understand if the possibilities of the risk can be eradicated or reduced. If possibilities of risks can be eradicated or reduced then actions will have to be taken accordingly. 4. The identified risk and other details pertaining to risk should be documented so that action can be taken accordingly. This will help the organization to improve. 5. The risk assessment that was conducted should be reviewed again so that the management can be sure that they havent missed out on anything. Application of health and safety regulations It is the responsibility of ABC Companys management to take care of all the employees. Few of the health and safety regulations that need to be taken care by the management are as follows: - 1. First aid training should be given to all the employees on the floor. This will help the employees to be safe. The employees cannot be dependent on the doctor at all point of time so necessary basic training should be given to employees. 2. A register should be maintained wherein the employees and the medicine that they have taken from the office should be mentioned. This will help the management to understand the use of medication in the office place. All the medicines which are required regularly should be stocked. 3. The employees should be given training for fire fighting and other emergency situations so that they can help themselves rather than that of waiting for the external help to arrive. This can save the organization from the loss that they are going to make. Reviewing the health and safety regulation Few of the ways by which the health and safety regulation at ABC company can be reviewed are as follows: - 1. Safety audits should be conducted so that the management of ABC company can be sure of all the health and safety regulations in place and if anything is missed then that can be implemented. 2.The management of ABC company should hire external auditors who is very much familiar with the audit process so that things can be in place. 3. The OHS team at ABC company should maintain a checklist so that they can be sure that they are achieving everything and not missing out on anything. Practical application of health and safety policies and procedures Few of the ways by which the health and safety policies and procedures are implemented in the organization are as follows: - 1. The employees should be made aware of the health and safety hazards that they may face while they are in the organization. This will help the employees to take preventive measures. If the employees arent informed then they may not be ready to act when the situation arises. 2. Training should be given to employees regarding the activities that they need to undertake while an emergency situation. The employees should be made aware of the location wherein the medicines are available and also the places wherein safety equipments like fire extinguishers and other such things are available. This will help the employee to act immediately. 3. The employees should be given training and to verify the effectiveness of the training, an examination should be conducted. The examination should be based on health and safety trainings that have been conducted. If the employee fails in any one particular area then they will have to be trained again so that the management can be rest assured that all the employees are safe. References Abraham, S, 2013, Will Business Model innovation replace strategic analysis?Strategy Leadership,Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 31-38 Baden-Fuller, C, 2013, Business Models and Technological Innovations,Long Range Planning,Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 419 Chesbrough, H, The Era of Open Innovation,MIT SLOAN Management Review,Accessed on 5thFebruary, 2014,https://didattica.unibocconi.it/mypage/upload/48567_20081209_071712_THEERAOFOPENINNOVATION.pdf Chesbrough, H, 2003, Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers,Long range planning,Vol. 43, no. 2/3, pp. 354-363 Freund, F, 2009, Business Model concepts in Corporate sustainability contexts,Centre for sustainability management,Accessed on 5thFebruary, 2014, Silvana, T, 2013, Business Model Innovation: in entrepreneurship,International entrepreneurship and management Journal,Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 449-465 Teece, D, 2010, Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation,Long Range Planning,Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 172-194 Zott, C, 2010,The Business Model: Theoretical roots, recent developments and Future research,Accessed on 4thFebruary, 2014, https://www.iese.edu/research/pdfs/di-0862-e.pdf.

Time Traveling Essay Example For Students

Time Traveling Essay There are three working theories the Time Traveler developed upon his visit to the distant future. The first is the laziness of what human-kind has become. The second is the division between the classes, below ground and above it. The third is based on how human evolution had gone back to its starting point. The glorification of technology is not the answer to the utopian life we all seek. The first theory of the laziness of human-kind is unfolding today. We grow more and more dependant upon machines to feed, clothe, bathe, groom, cure, and entertain our needs. We think we are in atechnologically superior times, but if one takes away electricity, we are back in the dark ages. The people of the year 802,700 lack any sense of drive or motivation due to not having any problems at all. The Eloi play everyday without a care in the world. The only element in their world that is problematic is the darkness the harbors the evil Morlocks. We will write a custom essay on Time Traveling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The second theory about the future is of the division of the classes. He believes that in the future the people of the earth separated into below ground and above ground states of living. The working class lived deep inside the earth much like in the movie Metropolis, while the owners lived above ground free to live life to its fullest. It is from this working hypothesis that the future developed this way, thus labeling the Morlocks as working class and the Eloi as the owners. Thousands of years of a divided society could conceivably result from this. The final theory is how evolution has come back upon itself. The Morlocks ate the Eloi. The Time Traveler saw how humans grew lazy from having no challenges/problems. At some point, there probably was a time when the classes went below and above ground, but they all grew so dependant upon the machines to take care of their world that commerce and politics became obsolete. Then when the machines could not feed them(Morlocks) anymore, they turned to what is most primal in all of us, the means to survive via eating whatever(Eloi) is around. In a way, corporations devour or prey upon the weak whether it be through Marketing or Sales. Corporations survive off of peoples money, and they will get it from normal trade or scamming people who seem venerable like Senior Citizens. The future seems to be bleak through the eyes of the Time Traveler. The world is shaped by the fallen ruins of what seems to be a great utopian society. The irony is that once people are left with no work and no problems, they become lifeless and weak. They also take it another step to cannibalism when their mighty machines cannot do all the work for them. It is apparent that the world we live in is guided and measured by how our technology advances us. Technology is not an evil thing. It helps us cure new diseases, etc. Our development should not follow the theory of letting our technology surpass our humanity, but allowing our humanity to surpass our technology. .

Nation of Islam Essay Example

Nation of Islam Essay Example Nation of Islam Essay Nation of Islam Essay Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha. Nebraska in 1925. He was born to a curate male parent that was a protagonist of Black Nationalist Movement leader Marcus Garvey. which resulted in Malcolm sing favoritism and racial hate from an early age. His male parent was killed and his place burned when Malcolm was immature. and Malcolm was jailed in his early mid-twentiess after several quarrels with the jurisprudence following his father’s decease. He joined the State of Islam in piece in prison. and when he was paroled in 1952 he was named the national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was an vocal. articulate. magnetic adult male that used telecasting. wireless. and every other signifier of media available to convey the Nation’s message. He preached for hawkish stance in the black community and for equal rights for African Americans. by any agencies necessary . This firm stance and hawkish attitude made some see Malcolm as a menace and he was followed under FBI surveillance until he was assassinated in 1965. He used his personal appeal and his steadfast beliefs to do the message of the Nation of Islam good known in America and to convey the issue of African American rights to the head of American consciousness. His mission subsequently transformed from contending for African American rights to contending for equal human rights for every race. and he enforced the same hawkish stance with his new message. Mahatma Gandhi was a human rights leader like Malcolm X but he delivered his message in a really different manner. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. he was given the name Mahatma because it means. great soul . He was born in British-ruled India and practiced jurisprudence in South Africa which was besides ruled by Britain. While in South Africa he began a twenty-year run for Indian freedom. Alternatively of X’s activist. nonmoving attack. Gandhi practiced and taught the rules of non-violent opposition. He believed it was more honorable to be jailed for one’s cause than to make force. He besides practiced fasting as a manner of conveying his message of peace and non-violence. He returned to India after twenty old ages and became the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement. After India was declared independent in 1947. it was divided into India and Pakistan and the two states rioted against one another. Gandhi began a fast to promote the leaders to halt combat. After he fasted for five yearss. the combat stopped and the states were at peace until Gandhi was assassinated shortly after. Until his decease. Gandhi epitomized his message to. Be the alteration you want to see in the world . He saw no value in force. and thought that the message of non-violence as a manner of protest could convey tolerance. peace and integrity more efficaciously than any violent act could. Despite the alteration in his topographic point of abode and the political clime of his state he stayed true to his message of peace and integrity.

Advanced Fiber Reinforced Composites essays

Advanced Fiber Reinforced Composites essays Fiber-reinforced composites are composed of axial  particulates  embedded in a matrix  material.  The objective of fiber-reinforced composites is, to obtain a material with  high specific strength, high specific modulus, high strength, and high elastic modulus for its weight. The strength is obtained by having the applied load  transmitted from the matrix to the fibers.  Hence, interfacial bonding is important.Classic examples of fiber-reinforced composites include fiberglass and wood.A commonly used glass fiber composition  for  structural composites  is E-glass, in which E stands for "electrical type". It is  a lime-aluminum-borosilicate glass with zero or low sodium and potassium levels. It is  popular because it has chemical durability. A more advanced and expensive fiber  is  S-glass,  a  magnesia-alumina-silicate glass that  is used  for high-strength applications. There are three types of fiber geometry: There are 2 different geometries for aligned fibers: Racing cars used to be made of the same sort of materials as road cars that is steel, aluminum and other metals. In the early 1980s, however, Formula 1 underwent the beginnings of a revolution that has become its hallmark today: the use of carbon composite materials to build the chassis. Today, most of the racing car chassis - the monocoque, suspension, wings and engine cover - is built with carbon fiber. The first step along the way to making a carbon fiber car looks more like a clothing factory than a car factory. In each Formula 1 team factory is a room with large tables on which vast sheets of what looks like cloth are laid out and cut to size. Taken from large textile-like rolls, these sheets are highly pliable, flexible, and unlike textiles, will end up looking nothing like their original form. Once the material is cut out from the cloth-like roll, it is taken to a design room and placed into molds. The position of the cloth within the mold is important, as it...

Research Paper (discussion and conclusion)_1 Essay

Research Paper (discussion and conclusion)_1 - Essay Example Almost all the studies both from past literature and from present concur in terms of findings. However, no study has ever dug deep into the challenges this corporation is facing, as hinted in the literature review section. Most studies have always just concentrated on the challenges in general without a specific focus on a particular problem. Furthermore, the past studies viewed Kuehne+Nagel a company always on the upward trend (Johnson, 2010). Unfortunately, none tried to find out the tribulations behind Kuehne+Nagel’s constant and incessant improvements. However, contrary to what most past investigations have found out, the findings of this research are different. Kuehne+Nagel has faced and is still facing a broad range of challenges as it grows, especially the cost positioning. Achieving the company goal of being the key globe player in the Aerospace logistics sector has undergone through numerous problems pertaining to market structure, which according to Easterby (2012), almost rubbished its achievements. A scrutiny of the findings reveals that none of the past literature failed to observe the struggle Kuehne+Nagel has had with cost positioning, and market structure at large. Rousseau (2015) in his findings, found out that at one point, the company had to lower its prices significantly, a fact that caused a reduction in the company benefits that year. It was necessitated by the sudden shake in the aerospace logistics’ prices during that time, and partly contributed to by the rigid business model the company had. Needless to say, a business model is the determining factor in a company’s success. On that note, it is expected that a particular model applied by a company should always be flexible and able to accommodate sudden market changes wi thout affecting the company’s operations. Fortunately, the Kuehne+Nagel Corporation is not just operating

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example Remarkably, VCs consider diverse factors before deciding to invest their funds in various business opportunities. There are three major factors the VCS would evaluate to ascertain the viability of the business opportunities. The factors include market size, management team and technology, as outlined by Roberts and Barley (2004). The first factor that VCs consider when investing in a new business is the management team. Regarding the management team, the VC must evaluate the ability to adapt to prevailing marketing environment. In essence, it is the ability of the business to cope with the dynamicity and complexity of the business environment. VCS would consider whether to continue with the existing marketing team or employ more workforces. The management team should consist mostly of a focused team of entrepreneurs whose primary objective is the success of the business (Roberts & Barley, 2004). The second factor that VCs consider before venturing in the new business is the ‘market’. The market is the strength of every business. Either the market is the physical location of the business or any other platform where the exchange of goods and services take place. The entrepreneur should access the market size and formulate viable marketing strategies in order to evaluate the accessibility and the possibility of expansion and developing the market niche. The penetration of the business’ products is a great factor in marketing that is the ability of the products to compete in new markets. The third critical factor considered by VCs when investing in a new market is technology. Notably, technology is a current trend in the world of business. Most business operations, today, require technology to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the company. Technology facilitates speed and accuracy in the production process. The application of the technology in various departments would enable the company to limit the chances of

Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth Essay How TINTERN ABBEY evolves from beginning to end is in a truly reflective state upon the five years that had passed since he had last visited the ruins of the abbey. The ruin of the abbey, perhaps can be compared to the aging of man and the inevitably of aging, however, the abbey still stands as does natutre and its eternal splendor. The poem starts immediately with an adjective, rolling referring to the waters coming down from the mountain springs which do not disturb the murmur of the river: These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs/With a sweet murmur. (3-4). The gentle, quietness of the river Wye which Wordworth adored and the visual picture of the rolling of the water from the mountain springs give the reader a feeling of serenity. The tone of the poem is calm and mediative and Wordsworth describes the landscape and compares it to the quiet of the sky: The landscape with the quiet of the sky.(8). The plots of land surrounding his dear land are lovingly described with the color, green. He gives the woods an almost human personality with the use of the verb, runin line l7; Of sportive wood run wild; these paastoral farms (l7). The life of the woods surrounding the Abbey are almost given human like qualities in order to show how man is and must be part of nature. In the third stanza of the poem his tone changes and he almost becomes angry at the fact that he had left the abbey and returned to a life which had left him unfullfilled; How often has my spirit turned to thee!(58). In lines 89-92, For I have learned /To look on nature, not as in the hour/Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes/The still, sad music of humanity,(89-92) his tone becomes morose in reflecting upon the lack of human appreciation of nature. He uses obvious, but knowing adjectives in round ocean and living air: And the round ocean, and the living air (99) and attributes that are obvious to the conditions of the ocean and air, but to reflect upon the obvious and constancy of nature. The irony of the strengthening of his relationship with his sister, Dorothy takes place with his return to the abbey with Dorothy and he feels a freedom which he had lacked in the outside world. He feels protected in the woods, a plce of refuge which is reinforced by the dearness and closeness of his sister presence. The freedom to be himself and enjoy the beauty and tranquility that nature can provide, in a treasured place which was sacred to him, set away from the city gosssip and fast life, the ironic greetings of people who really dont care; Nor greetings where not kindness is, not all (13l). are all approaches and techniques that Wordsworth uses in order to et his reader into his head and allow the presence and grandeur . The autobiographical fact that Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy returned to live in the Lake District at the end of l799 reinformces how important the locale meant to he and his sister. Wordsworths wish for his sister in this poem is that she be happy and joyous in her surroundings and protect her from the gossip and cruelty of the outside world and that the serenity and calmness of nature keep her at peace; Therefore let the moon/ Shine on thee in thy solitary walk (l35-6). In stanza 4 Wordsworth becomes like a preacher in tone and when he says, That in this moment there is life and food/For future years(65-6) he seems to be teaching the reader a lesson that youth is spent in concrete form. HE alluded to the carnal nature of his youth; (The coarser pleasures of my boyish days/And their glad animalmovements all gone by,) (74-5) and welcomes his appreciation of nature and the caklmness it brings; other gifts/Have followed, for such loss, I would believe(87-8). Youth is eternal in the heart that appreciates the majesty and sublimness of nature is just what Wordsworth is trying to relate in Stanza 4 and his tone changes from descriptive to joyous and appreciative and relates his soul to nature. The sensualness of his return to the Abbey is reflected in lines 26-32; But oft, in lonely rooms, and mid the din/Of towns and cities, I have owed to them,/In hours of weariness, sensations sweet,/(26-32)renews the newness and hope of his youth and reaffirms his unit y with nature. The central description of the poem comes from muted visions of his prior visit to the Abbwy and his reminsceses in the concrete, visceral encompassing freedom of the woods. His reflection upon mans eternity and mortal life are addressed when he says; Until, the breath of this corporeal frame,/And even the motion of human blood/ALmost suspended, we are laid asleep/In body, and become a living soul: (44-47) the word, motion gives notice to the motion and vitality of nature which is eternal and contrasts and contradicts the long-lived life on man on earth. He is trying to reflect, himself on his place in the world in relation to nature, and also to allow the reader to reflect on his position and relation with the world of nature. Burial, return to the earth, part of nature again, the eternal circle of life, to be rejoiced.

Angels in America Essay -- Kushner Angels in America Essays

Angels in America Everyone has his or her own personal faults in life. Some are looked down upon more for their issues than others are. Homosexual relationships are considered sacrilegious and unethical, so much that we scrutinize persons having those relations. We as a society should not look down upon individuals whose sexual preference is different from our own. The 80's were a time of economic growth and global power. It is also the setting for Tony Kushner's play, "Angels in America". In Kushner's play it was at time of gay revelation. Reagan's reforms and policies gave homosexual people the power and courage to be more open sexually. Throughout this play, "coming out", is a very new evolution, one that Kushner bases his play on. In the story, many of his characters are homosexual, and the truth about their sexual preferences comes out. Roy Cohn is a successful lawyer in New York, who is dying of AIDS because of his sexual relationships. He keeps his love relationship separate from his professional life for the simple fact that if he were exposed to the wrong people it could damage his reputation. This information could be used against him in court. He lies to people, telling them he has cancer to conceal his homosexuality and prevent them from knowing about his sickness. Roy is facing disbarment and if they knew he was gay, he would easily be barred from being a lawyer. Roy tells his doctor, Henry, that "Roy Cohn is not a homosexual man. Roy Cohn is a heterosexual man, who fucks around w... ...er sexual preference, than we as society can accept this kind of relationship. The graphic details Kushner describes about living and dying with the AIDS disease, gives the audience both the view of a horrifying disease and hope for the future. In the beginning of this play, there is a feeling that homosexuality is despised, but as the play moves to the second part the mood changes. It changes to a very relaxed, almost understanding, and picture of how homosexuality is viewed. In contemporary America, homosexuality is becoming accepted as a sexual preference. Many interest groups, organizations and gay people have strived for this for years. It is not our right to judge others because of what sexual preference they choose, but it is our God given right to be proud of that choice.

Pathos for the Native American Indian Essay

â€Å"Brother, our seats were once large, and yours were very small; you have now become a great people, and we have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets; you have got our country, but are not satisfied; you want to force you religion upon us† (177) Long before the white man appeared, Native Americans owned the great and vast lands, relying on and praising the Great Spirit for sun, rain, and life. Upon crossing the seas, the white man was welcomed and befriended. As the white men grew in numbers, so did their appetite for land and control. The Caucasians brought contention, confusion, distrust, and problems. As though all of this were not enough, they also brought a new, â€Å"superior† religion. Red Jacket, an eloquent chiefly orator, finally spoke up for the Native population in his Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief to a Missionary. Red Jacket effectively appeals to pathos using comparison, sufficiency, and tone to convince white missionaries that Native Americans do not wish to worship as the white man, to destroy his religion, or to take it from him; but only to enjoy their own. Red Jacket relies on pathos to convince the white missionaries that the Native’s religion must be saved and guarded. Where there was no common ground between the Caucasians and the Indians, Red Jacket chose to relate to his audience through universal human emotions. His speech allows the listener or reader to visualize the injustices felt by a nation of people who had their homelands stolen from them. To convey the importance of saving their religion, Red Jacket compares the Indian’s religion and the Caucasian’s religion. Instead of focusing merely on the Indian’s noncompliance to the white man’s religion; he braces his arguments in describing his own religion. The contrast between the two beliefs is as distinct as the contrast between their skins. Red Jacket opens his speech saying, â€Å"Friend and Brother, it was the will of the Great Spirit that we should meet together this day† (176). He continues  describing the Great Spirit as a great being with immense love for his red children. It is the Great Spirit that brings the sun up each morning and down each night; it is the Great Spirit who created the buffalo, deer, and all other animals; it is the Great Spirit that taught them to hold a great reverence for life and earth. From this description of the Great Spirit, several themes can be seen that coincide between the Indian’s beliefs and their actions. The Native’s compassionate, respectful, and thankful nature correlates with their humble belief in the Great Spirit. Compare that to the Caucasian’s greedy, proud, ethnocentric nature. These traits are contradictory between the their beliefs and actions. By contrasting, Red Jacket shows that the white man’s presentation of Christianity was h ypocritical in that their words conflict with their actions. Red Jacket’s most powerful comparison of the two cultures’ religion is found in his conclusion: â€Å"Brother, if your white men murdered the son of the Great Spirit, we Indians had nothing to do with it, and it is none of our affair. If he had come among us we would not have killed him; we would have treated him well, you must make amends for that crime yourselves† (178). In this inference to the crucifixion, Red Jacket makes a subtle but distinct statement about the difference between the Caucasians and the Indian. In essence, he is saying that only the white man is capable of murdering their own savior; an accusation that undoubtedly solicited a strong reaction. To raise the awareness of the grievous deeds done to the Indians by the Caucasians, Red Jacket uses sufficient evidence of the white man’s dealings with the Natives to exemplify the lies told by the Caucasians to the Indian. He specifically describes the ways in which the white man has taken advantage of the Indians trust to invoke sympathy from the reader. First, Red Jacket effectively leads into his injuries from the white man by illustrating the Indian’s initial hospitality to the Caucasians. Speaking of the Caucasian’s arrival, Red Jacket states: â€Å"They found tribes, and not enemies; they sat down among us. We did not fear them; we took them to be friends; they called us brothers; we believed them† (177). But this first encounter between red and white skin would later be known as an evil day. In  Red Jacket’s words: â€Å"We gave them corn and meat; they gave us poison in return† (177). He tells how the Indians were deceived, giving all they had to the white newcomers who took and took until the Indians had nothing left. The white men crowded them out, claimed their lands, brought with them liquor, contention, and confusion. All of the evidence Red Jacket includes sufficiently shows the reader how the Caucasian stripped the Indian’s of everything, even their culture and religion. Use of such evidence entices the reader’s empathy. Red Jacket is selective in the tone of his text to ensure that he speaks to the white man in equality with respect. Despite the Caucasian’s tendency to talk down to the Native’s, Red Jacket speaks as though on the same level. This equality is apparent throughout the entire text as Red Jacket consistently addresses the white man as â€Å"Brother†. As he was a victim, one would assume that Red Jacket’s reply would be livid, however, he delivers his speech in a very patient, respectful, and firm tone. In doing so, Red Jacket demonstrates an awareness of his audience. He surely knew that speaking words of hostility would only solicit an equal and opposite reaction that would have no chance of fostering change. Never once does he criticize or try to press his own beliefs on the Caucasians; he simply declines to accept Christianity. â€Å"Brother, the Great Spirit has made us all; but he has made a great difference between his white and red children; he has given us a different complexion, and different customs. Since he has made so great a difference between us in other things, why may we not conclude that he has given us a different religion according to our understanding; the Great Spirit does right; he knows what is best for his children; we are satisfied† (178). This exemplifies Red Jacket’s tone in his speech. A level of tolerance can be seen in this quote, which has a pacifying affect on the reader. His firm and civil tone makes his point successfully. Whether or not Red Jacket’s oratory caused much change in the Caucasian’s dealings with the Native Americans, it made a strong statement concerning the Indian’s stance on religious values. His speech is persuasive, considerably due to his ability to play on the pathos of the listener or  reader. In contrasting religions through beliefs and actions, providing sufficient, convincing, and supporting evidence, and speaking in a tone appropriate to his audience; Red Jacket makes it very clear why the Indian’s have no desire to adapt the white man’s religion. Through pathos, he draws the reader’s sentiments to see their case. â€Å"We also have a religion which was given to our forefathers, and has been handed down to us their children. We worship that way. It teaches us to be thankful for all the favours we receive; to love each other, and to be united† (178). In Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief to a Missionary, it becomes obvious t hat religion is a deep rooted part of Native American culture that should be protected at all costs.

Collection of Revenue

CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1. 1 Background of the study Local authority revenue is the money collected from provision of service and donation from individual and other organization. Every local authority globally has its type of revenue that it collects depending upon the environments surrounding it and the type of service it offers to its resident or citizens. The availability control and use of finances are the core of any organization existence and not least local authorities, in them public services role,(Cola, 2002).Infrastructure, social and community services there is the part of and democratic system According to Wood et al (1988), revenue means the sales value of goods and service that have been supplied or sold to the customers. According to Mclaney, (1998) revenue is an increase in wealth rising from trading in goods and services. Nigel et al (1988) noted that the better the service the operations can provide, the better will the potential to attract customer and therefore g enerate revenue.The balance between capacities also affects revenue and demand of goods and service therefore time ensures that all demand is satisfied and no revenue is lost in any organization. The government also assists local authorities by giving grants such as road levy funds; local authorities transfer fund and contribution in lieu of rates due to the growing demand on local authorities. As the argument for new and improved services increases for essential services like closet to the citizens.According to Wakhisi (1994), it was stated that the council should seal all loopholes to enable them become financially stable by intensifying their revenue collection to effectively provide the services required to both the workers and citizens at large. The availability, control and use of finance are at the core of any organization existence, and least local authorities, in their public service delivery role.There are growing demands on local authority funding, as the requirements for now and improved services increase local authorities current or day-to-day expenditure are financed from a range of revenues, payments for the provision of services (charges, rent on property, planning permission fees etc. ), commercial rates and central government grants. On the particular benefit is the comprehensive way in which it identifies the â€Å"funding gap† between the expenditure an authority should incur in delivering its services and the income it should derive from local sources Donughue. 2003). 1. 2Statement of the problem Performance of LAs varies widely. Some clearly are managing to improve service delivery and undertake new projects identified as priorities by citizens like road repairs, bridges, water supplies, drainage, market improvements, street lighting. Others are struggling with past debts, reducing their efforts to collect local revenues because of the easier money from LATF, employing ever more staff, increasing councilor allowances, and opting fo r projects with little or no benefit to citizens.Revenues collected by county and municipal councils include site value, land rent, area development fund, house rent, markets fees, bus parks fees and business licenses. In almost all LAs, there is a huge gap between the formally approved budget and what actually happens. The forecasted revenues cannot be collected, so most LA’s run short of money. For example the County council of Makueni annual budget report, 1998/1999, 2002/2003, and 2008/2009 financial year indicated that there was a problem in revenue collection.The county treasurer expressed her concern on the cash flow problems the council is facing due to non-payment by debtors making it unable to service the escalating debts it owes its creditors. in the department of engineering and urban planning expected income was kshs. 2,733,086 and actual income was kshs. 1,036,726, the department of health and environment expected income was kshs. 1,036,729, the department of fi nance clerk the expected income was kshs. 9,297,777 and the actual income was kshs 1,252,000 and the department of social service the expected income was kshs. 60,834 and the actual income was kshs. 670,000 respectively source: (C. C. M Annual Position for the Financial Year 1998/1999, 2002/2003 and 2008/2009). This research tries to identify the factors that affect revenue collection management by local authorities in Kenya and commend on what to be done to be able to manage the aspect of revenue collection by local authorities in Kenya. 1. 3Objectives of the study 1. 3. 1Main objective The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. . 3. 2Specific objectives (i)To investigate the effects of revenue collectors on `the management of revenue collection. (ii)To investigate tax default as a factor affecting revenue collection management in local authorities. iii)To investigate how leadership affects the m anagement of revenue collection in local authorities. iv)To investigate the effects of political influence on the management of revenue collection in local authorities. 1. 4Research Questions i. How do revenue collectors affect the management of revenue collection in local authorities? ii.How does tax default affect the revenue collection management? iii. How does leadership affect the revenue collection management? iv. What effects does political influence have on the revenue collection management? 1. 5Significance of the study This study will equip the researcher with the knowledge and skills because during the course of the study the researcher will be exposed to so many challenges, which he will be curious of getting solutions about, and also it will widen the scope of his learning then at the end he will have fulfilled an academic requirement.Also it will benefit Makueni county management who understands the meaning behind revenue collection by local authorities and carefully e xamine its purpose and how to devote a great deal of attention to selecting strategies to manage the aspect of revenue collection which will help to satisfy the society’s needs and other stakeholders. Finally Kenya Methodist University will get reference study materials, which will be of great use to the students and the lecturers.And also after fulfilling an academic requirement the researcher will get a certificate, which will boost credibility of Kenya Methodist University to the public and world at large. The study will benefit the following groups of stakeholders; 1. 5. 1 Employees The study will assist revenue collectors to know the importance of collecting all revenues with a high sense of duty, discipline and honesty pertaining to the services rendered. It will develop team work and collective responsibilities between the management, employees and the residents to develop Makueni district. . 5. 2 Management This work will assist the policy maker to adopt other strateg ies of enhancing revenue collection so as to reduce accumulation of debts outstanding. It will assist the management to avoid having poor budgetary control system where service department make commitment beyond the approved budget levels. It will assist the management to utilize properly all the revenue collected by giving the required services to the residents so as to motivate payments promptly. 1. 5. 3 The PublicThe study will create awareness among residents on the services provided, those to be provided by the management and the importance of paying for the services rather than evading payment. 1. 6Scope of the study The study will focus on investigating the management of revenue collection in Kenya. The target will be county council of Makueni. The respondent will include revenue collectors and the manager’s team who are revenue users and they will be met at their work station and their respective offices. The study will be carried out from March to June 2013.Questionna ire and interviews will be used to gather information. 1. 7Limitation of the study The main limitations of the study will be; 1. 7. 1 Top management Most of top management may not cooperate very much and there might be inadequate information from the staff. 1. 7. 2 Documentation There may be no enough documentation availed for scrutiny, the unveiled ones, may be confidential. 1. 7. 3 Security Most of the top offices in the city council are usually a no-go zone as they are mostly manned by the NCC security personnel. 1. 8Delimitation This research will be conducted within the following parameters: i.Only collection of revenue factors identified as relevant to this research will be considered for inclusion in the study. ii. Only Makueni County will be included in this research. Other counties in Kenya are excluded. iii. Results of this research will depend upon responses of the revenue collectors, manager’s team who are revenue users and inferential statistics data analysis out come. 1. 9 Definitions of terms 1. 9. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the different fees and charges of the authority.They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for good management of revenue collection. 1. 9. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 1. 9. 3 Leadership The way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 1. 9. 4 Political InfluenceThis is the influences that satisfy comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1Introduction This sectionhighlights literature so as to find out what other researchers have contributed, and the extent of their research regarding this field of management of revenue collection in local authorities. The main factors of consideration in this study are also reviewed to bring out a clear understanding of their effects in revenue collection management. 2. Theoretical review 2. 2. 1 Continuous change theory Shone L and Brown (1978) the advocates of the theory of change argued that, a theory of change is simple, step by step model describing the program inputs and the expected outcomes of your effort. Theory of change should be a useful tool – a lens that gives the management a sharp focus on the steps it needs to take, or a strong well placed lever that can help move just the right mountain. This theory will force Makueni County to clarify their assumption about how change will happen in collection of revenue.A general statement of intention will not do this for it, because theories of change are not mission stateme nt or broad visions. They are exact and somewhat exhaustive plan that show every step, however large or small. Theories of change should be specific, detailing advocacy actions Makueni County will take and the intended results. A detailed theory of change will give a credible, well drawn blueprint for advocacy work and a clear basis for evaluation of Makueni County much simpler. 2. 2. 2 Theory of planned behavior Theory of planned behavior of Adzen (1988) helps us to understand how we can change the behavior of people.It’s a theory that predicts behavior, because behavior can be planned. This theory is a successor of the similar â€Å"Theory of reasoned action† (1975) by the same author. Adzen argues that behavior appears to be 100% voluntary and under control. It argues that behavior of others greatly affect how people behave towards a product or company. This theory will help the people concerned with collection of revenue determine the behavior of the clientele and come up with ways of how to change their behavior, if its negative , and how to encourage a positive behavior.For instance with effective collection of revenue are likely to change the behavior of the way the local authorities manage the aspect of revenue collection. 2. 2. 3 System approach theory of management According to British researchers from the institute of human relations, Katz et al (1996) came up with the theory and viewed on organization as an open system. In this theory they had the following suggestions; first, that the main functions of an organization is to receive inputs or energy from the environments where inputs include material, people, information and finances.In this case local authorities receive revenue from the service users or the residents and other donors. Secondly the inputs received are then converted to outputs i. e. the revenues collected enables the provision of services required by these residents as shown here below. Environment inputConversion ou tputEnvironment Source: Cole (1999) Thirdly, that open systems discharge their output into their environments whereby services that are generated are then taken to the required environment to be used and then generate more revenues and profits, which are fed back into the organization to provide further inputs and the cycle continues.Lastly, one of the key features of open system is its independence on the environment. County council of Makueni as a system is interdependent with its environment for its existence and stability. Just like a human body the central nervous system and cardio-vascular system are the major sub-systems and the same applies to county council of Makueni that is divided into sub-system, i. e. the five departments, which are independent of one another and to the environment surrounding them. 2. 3 Empirical review 2. 3. 1 Effects of revenue collectorsAccording to World Bank (2000) the local government revenue collection systems are often characterized by a huge number of revenue instruments. However, the main sources of ‘own revenues’ are usually property rates in urban councils, business licenses, market fees and various uses charges, often in the form of surcharges for services provided by or on behalf of the local government authority. Nevertheless, experiences from a number of African countries show that these revenue instruments have serious shortfalls.For instance, property taxes can be very costly to administer (Brosio 2000; McCluskey and Franzsen 2005), and the enforcement of user fees has resulted in widespread resistance to pay from the poorer segments of the urban population in some countries (Fjeldstad 2004; Fjeldstad et al 2005). Moreover, complex business licensing systems have proved to be major impediments for the start-up and expansion of especially micro and small enterprises (Devas and Kelly 2001; Sander 2003; Pimhidzai and Fox 2011).However, experience shows that when well administered, these revenue instru ments can provide substantial and reliable Revenues for urban municipalities. 2. 3. 2Property tax Empirical studies by Serwanga, (1992) on revenue assignments between various levels of government generally argue that few fiscally significant taxes are more appropriate to local administration than property tax. This is due to the fact that real property is visible, immobile, and a clear indicator of one form of wealth.Hence, in principle, property tax is difficult to avoid and, if well administered, it can represent a non-distortional and highly efficient fiscal tool. Property tax as an annual tax on real property is levied in all countries in Africa (McCluskey and Franzsen 2005). Commonly it is a local government tax, levied mainly in urban areas . Rural properties are often not taxed, although property taxation is being extended to rural properties in some countries such as South Africa under the terms of the Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 (Franzsen 2007). Where differential rates apply, the tax rates for residential properties tend to be significantly lower than the rates for commercial, industrial, and government properties, where these are taxable. 2. 3. 3 Business licenses In Africa, the standard mechanisms for mobilizing revenues from businesses have been through licensing. Although the original intent was regulatory, local business licensing has increasingly become simply a revenue source in most places (Lubega, 2000). Typically, business licenses generate between 5% and 30% of local government own revenues in urban councils.In many countries, however, the system has been quite unsatisfactory, often quite inequitable, and has imposed huge costs on business, while generating relatively little money. According to Chitembo, (2009) the regulatory aspects of the license system have been largely abandoned. In addition, poor policy design and weak administration mean that license coverage; assessment, collection, and enforcement rates are low, leading to poor revenue generation. Thus, many existing business license systems across Africa contain serious defects.These include (Devas and Kelly 2001: 385): High compliance costs to businesses, due to multiple licensing and complex procedures; Tariff structures that are complicated and do not reflect ability to pay; A process loaded with ineffective regulatory requirements, which provide opportunities for rent seeking; Poor administration and evasion, which reduce the tax base and generate inequities; and a revenue source that generates relatively little income for local governments. 2. 3. 4 User fees – linking payment and service deliveryBrun, Chambas and Fjeldstad, (2012) argue that taxes are not the best mechanism for matching demand and supply of public services. Better links can be achieved through cost-recovery charging systems, which tie the amount paid directly to the amount consumed. By providing a more direct link between citizens’ contributions and service delivery, such mechanisms may become effective means to recover the costs of service provision, and to promote efficiency in the consumption of the service. Hence, most observers argue that user fees should play a prominent role in local government finance (Bahl et al. 003: 76; Bird 2001). The main economic rationale for user charges is not to produce revenue, but to encourage the efficient use of resources within the public sector. When properly designed, user charges provide information to public sector suppliers on how much clients are willing to pay for particular services and by ensuring that the public sector supplies are valued by citizens. Free or subsidized services may result in over-consumption of such services. Moreover, it may prove difficult to target the beneficiaries of free services (Rondinelli et al. 000) Local government authorities commonly experience difficulties in collecting taxes, fees and charges (Bird. 1989). Thus, there are many experiments be ing carried out to find solutions to make tax collection more revenue productive (Allingham, and Sandmo, (1972). Practices for collection of local taxes range from cases where local government authorities collect the taxes themselves to cases where tax collection is outsourced to private agents, semi-private partners and the central government.Market cooperatives and private companies collecting tax on behalf of the local government are examples. Revenue collection is outsourced to a range of different types of agents within and across councils. A major challenge facing privatized revenue collection in local government authorities is to assess the revenue potential for various tax bases (Serwanga, (1992). Commonly, revenue assessment is conducted on an ad hoc basis, often based on the previous year’s reported collection.Substantial underestimation of the revenue potential may imply that actual collection by the agent is substantially higher than what is reflected in the contr act. Consequently, there is a risk of ending up in a situation where the agent keeps the substantial portion of the revenues collected, which already seems to be the case in some council (Lubega, 2000). 2. 3. 5 Effect of tax default According to Bahl, & Bird, (2008) taxes are widely perceived to be unfair. The citizens see few tangible benefits in return for the taxes they pay.This situation heightens taxpayers’ perceptions of exploitation from an unequal contract with government, and may promote tax resistance. Although most taxpayers are unable to assess the exact value of what they receive from the government in return for taxes paid, it can be argued that they have general impressions concerning their terms of trade with the government. In this context, it can be assumed that taxpayers’ behavior is influenced by their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the terms of trade with government.Thus, if the system of taxes is perceived to be unjust, tax default may be co nsidered as an attempt by the taxpayers to adjust their terms of trade with the government. Chon and Reinikka (1999) argue that people engage in tax evasion when the expected benefits(low taxes) are equal to the expected costs(bribes and punishments)This tends to agree with Alongham and Sandmo(1992) who also suggested that a rational individual’s choice to evade will be based on the expected gains or losses associated with the decision.To further the argument, Bird (1989) asserts that defaulters in most developing countries can realistically assign expected value of zero to the likelihood of being detected and penalized; that the more severe the penalty, the less likely it is to be applied which showed a weakness in administration.Contrary to that view, Wentworth et al (1985) asserted that causes of tax defaulting are the exchange, social class and chances available for evasion . Evaders in that study reported that they were not getting value for their money, tax rates were t oo high and that government did not spend payer’s money wisely, that the burden of taxes fell on low income and salary earners. 2. 3. 6 Forms of tax evasionAccording to Mwenda (2009), tax evasion can take any of the following forms: Failure to report incomes profits or gains otherwise legally chargeable to tax; Reporting only part of the income gains or profits; Maintaining false books of accounts with intent to reduce taxes; Making false claims of expenses or allowances or deductions; Under declaration of goods for duty purposes and Outright smuggling to avoid payment of duties 2. 3. 7 LeadershipOne of the major issues in governance is demonstrated in the fact that citizens continue to demand the devolution of power and resources to local units (Chitembo, 2009). A close scrutiny of the management and performance of existing local authorities shows that most local authorities in Kenya are not only poorly managed, but are also close to financial insolvency. Whilethe central go vernment in Kenya manages plans and develops policies in regard to the whole nation’s affairs, local authorities tend to have jurisdiction limited to the city, municipal, county or town councils (Economic Survey 2005).Naturally therefore, their level of action is quite limited as compared to the central government. In spite of the limits of their action, most local authorities act as the avenues for implementing decisions formed by central government at the local level; however, a review of press reports and accurate surveys undertaken within Kenya hasrevealed that there is disillusionment with the performance, management and competence of local authorities in providing the services that they are mandated to provide (Odhiambo, Mitullah&Kichamu, 2005).It is clear that local authorities are not only failing to provide a satisfactory level of services but are also poorly managed and have departments that are among the most corrupt within the public sector in Kenya. A further ind ication of the growing dissatisfaction with the services provided by the existing local authorities is seen in the rise of residents associations which are prepared to resort either to court action or to campaigns aimed at withholding of the rates due to councils as a mechanism for compelling local authorities in Kenya to provide services on a regular basis (Odhiambo, Mitullah&Kichamu, 2005).Against this background, it is important to make an assessment on the reasons for this all round poor performance of local authorities before appropriate proposals for reformsreforms and improvement are made. 2. 3. 8 Political Influence Performance of the local authorities in Kenya is not only affected by the lack of autonomy from the Ministry for Local Government. The prescribed manner of enlisting councilors and personnel is prone to abuse.Since the Local Government Act (Cap 265) allows for the appointment of councilors by the president, oftentimes such councilors are reluctant to submit to th e authority of the managers in the local authorities. In situations where the councilors are elected, experiences of political party influence also arise. This difficulty is often reflected in councils in which the political divisions are so sharp that councilors are permanently preoccupied with gaining immediate political advantage over their opponents.In some cases, personnel are hired without the consideration of their ability to perform the tasks at hand. Councilors and executive committees of the local governments were initially engaged in power struggles, rather than focusing on their core functions in their first five years in office. This competition has prevented a focus on institutionalization and development. However, it is worth mentioning that, for the last several years, the â€Å"fever of competition† subsided mainly due to the increasing understanding of the councilors.Councilors should demonstrate a greater degree of responsibility and concurrently work towar ds a delivery of services, such as the improvement and construction of roads, often in partnership with local communities and some UN agencies (Economic Survey 2005). 2. 4 Research gap From the empirical literature review, it is clear that taxation by local governments is important for raising the required revenue for the local authorities. Management of revenue collection in most local authorities in Kenya has not been effective.Very little attempt has been made to improve on revenue collection. Planning the same has not been impressive either. In most cases the Audit department which acts as a watchdog of all financial management, specifically revenue collection in various collection centers suffer significantly from shortfall such as proper approach to audit work, lack of experience and planning techniques, lack of professional etiquette, reliance on manual systems and lack of training leading to poor revenue collection Audit which leaves some leakage for misappropriation.Interfe rence from political leaders seriously hampers operations in revenue collection in their wards. There is need to assess the factors that affect the collection of revenue by local authorities in Kenya. Revenue collectors need to use all the pieces of law at its disposal against all tax defaulters and ensure recovery even if it means use of courts of law. This is important given the fact that a lot of revenue is being lost through tax evasion and avoidance. Local governments have the mandate to raise their own revenues to finance their activities.However much as the government is said to have sovereign right to collect taxes, nobody likes paying taxes and yet everybody appreciates that taxes need to be paid. This drives some persons into the act of tax evasion. Tax defaulting has sound effects on the revenue collection by local authorities. At the same time, there is need to study the specific effects of tax collectors on the management of revenue collection by local governments. Very little research has been done to investigate the effects of leadership on the management collection in local authorities.There is also need to investigate the political influence effect on the management of revenue collection by local governments Revenues for the local authorities have persistently fallen short of targeted due to various challenges in revenue collection, tax evasion, poor leadership and political influence in the management of local authorities. Not much literature exists in this field. It is this reason that has prompted this research to try finding out the factors that affect the collection of revenues by local authorities hence filling the literature gap in factors affecting revenue collection by local governments in Kenya. . 5 Conceptual framework Figure 2. 1 Conceptual framework Independent variable Dependent variable Source: Author 2013 2. 5. 1 Revenue Collectors The revenue collectors are the employees of the LA’s responsible for collecting the differ ent fees and charges of the authority. They should be competent professionals of integrity and sound ethical morals for good management of revenue collection. 2. 5. 2 Tax Default Tax default by the relevant institutions and business people leads to uncollected revenue and making the administration of the revenues hard. 2. 5. 3 LeadershipThe way any LA is led by its officials is an essential factor on how the revenue is managed. Corrupt leadership has led to the mismanagement of authorities hence leading to the collapse of many and failure to deliver services. 2. 5. 4 Political Influence This is the influence that satisfies comes mostly from councilor and other government officials to satisfy their own selfish gains through unofficial ways. 2. 6Operationalization In this section the use of indicators that influence the successful outcome of revenue collection process will be identified and used to measure the variable against the parameters.The variables will be measured against the parameters and statistics. For local authorities to achieve its goals, collective goals setting between the manager and subordinate should be done. This research will establish whether performance management goals are achieved ensuring employee flexibility and acceptance of the goal set. It will further determine the level of employee empowerment and control against and control against the performance standards and targets as a parameter. The performance evaluation would be measured taking into consideration the time frame and feedback received.The reward system parameter would be analyzed top measure its impact on employee motivation and commitment. 2. 6. 1 Operational framework Figure 2. 2 Operational framework Dependent Independent Measurements SOURCE: AUTHOR 2013 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the research design, methods and procedures used by the researcher to carry out the study. The research design, target population, sample, design, data collection instruments and data analysis methods are explained in this chapter too. . 2 Research design This research will apply descriptive design. Descriptive design involves field survey where the researcher goes to the population of interest to ask certain issues about the problem under the study, Kothari (2000). The design is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists, with respect to variables or condition in a situation. The inference design uses the existing information available to gather data for analysis.Research design aims to gather data without any manipulation of the research context, where the researcher has got no control over the variable, Mugenda and Mugenda (1999). 3. 3 Target population The target population of the study in the county of makueni will comprise top managers, middle level managers, lower level managers, operational staffs and treasurers. The categories are represented in the table 3. 1 below. Table 3. 1 Table showing study population categoryTarget populationpercentage Top managers 105% Middle level managers2010% Lower level managers 3015% Operational staffs10050% Treasurers5025%Source; Author (2013) 3. 4 Sample design, procedure and size The researcher will use stratified random sampling design. The target population will be divided into subgroups and respondents picked randomly from the target population. A sample size of 200 respondents will be selected from the five population categories using a ratio of 0. 5 where a total of 100 respondents will be selected to achieve at least 50% of the target population. The sample of respondents from the target population will be as; 10 top managers, 20 middle level managers, 30 lower level managers, 100 operational staffs and 50 treasurers.This will make all the respondents in the target population to have equal chance of participating in the study. The participating respondents will then be picked randomly from eac h sub group and issued with questionnaires. The sample sizes are as shown in the table 3. 2 below. Table 3. 2 Table showing sample size CategoryTarget populationSample ratioSample size Top managers100. 55 Middle level managers200. 510 Lower level managers300. 515 Operational staffs1000. 550 Treasurers500. 525 Total2000. 5100 Source: Author (2013) 3. 5 Data collection instrumentsThe researcher will use questionnaires with open and closed ended questions to collect the required data. This is because the questionnaires are easy to administer and gives qick, accurate statistics where a large number of respondents is used. 3. 6 Data analysis The researcher will use descriptive and quantitative data analysis to enable to describe the distribution of data. Frequency and percentage tables will be used to interpret the data and a presentation of the same will be made by use of pie charts and graphs. REFERENCES 1. Allingham, M. 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