Twig Anatomy for Tree Identification

To use a tree twig key means learning a twigs botanical parts. A key can help you identify a tree to the specific species by asking two question where you can affirm one and eliminate the other. This is called a dichotomous key. Here  is one of the best online twig keys. Terms You Must Know Opposite or Alternate Twigs: Most tree twig keys start with the arrangement of leaf, limb, and buds. It is the primary first separation of the most common tree species. You can eliminate major blocks of trees just by observing its leaf and twig arrangement. Alternate leaf attachments have one unique leaf at each leaf node and typically alternate direction along the stem. Opposite leaf attachments pair leaves at each node. Whorled leaf attachment is where three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem. The opposites are maple, ash, dogwood, paulownia buckeye and boxelder (which is really a maple). The alternates are oak, hickory, yellow poplar, birch, beech, elm, cherry, sweetgum, and sycamore. The Terminal Bud: There is a bud on the tip of every twig where growth occurs. It is often larger than the lateral buds and some can be absent. Trees easily identified by their terminal buds are yellow poplar (mitten or duckbilled shaped), dogwood (clove-shaped flower bud) and oak (clustered bud ends). The Lateral Buds: These are buds on each side of the branch. The trees easily identified by a lateral bud is beech (long, pointed scaled bud) and elm (buds off center over leaf scar). The Leaf Scar: This is a scar of leaf attachment. When the leaf drops, a scar is left just under the bud and it can be unique. The trees easily identified by its leaf scars are hickory (3-lobed), ash (shield-shaped)and dogwood (leaf scar encircles the twig). The Lenticel: There are cork-filled pores on most trees that permit the living inner bark to breathe. I use the narrow, long and light lenticels to partly identify just one species that can be tricky - black cherry. The Bundle Scar: You can see scars within the leaf scar that are a big help in identification. These visible dots or lines are cork filled ends of tubes that supply the leaf with water. The trees easily identified by its bundle or vein scars are ash (continuous bundle scars), maple (three bundle scars), and oaks (numerous scattered bundle scars) The Stipule Scar: This is the scar of a leaf-like attachment just off the leaf stem. Since all trees do not have stipules the presence or absence of stipule scars is often helpful in identifying a winter twig. The trees easily identified by its stipule scar is magnolia and yellow poplar. The Pith: The pith is the soft inner core of the twig. The trees easily identified by its pith are black walnut and butternut (both with chambered pith) and hickory (tan, 5-sided pith). One bit of caution when using the above markers. You need to observe an average-looking and maturing tree and stay away from root sprouts, seedlings, suckers and juvenile growth. Rapidly growing young growth can (but not always) have atypical markers that will confuse the beginning identifier.

How to Write a Business Report for English Learners

If you would like to learn how to write a business report in English follow these tips and use the example report as a template on which to base your own business report. First of all, business reports provide important information for management that is timely and factual. English learners writing business reports need to make sure that the language is precise and concise. The writing style used for business reports should present information without strong opinions, but rather as direct and accurately as possible. Linking language should be used to connect ideas and sections of the business report. This example business report presents the four essentials that every business report should include: Terms of Reference Terms of reference refer to the terms on which the business report is written. Procedure The procedure describes the method that was used to collect data for the report. Findings The findings describe the data or other important information the report produced. Conclusions Conclusions are drawn on the findings which provide reasons for recommendations.   Recommendations The recommendations are specific suggestions made based on the conclusions of the report.   Read the short example business report and follow the tips below. Teachers can print these examples for use in class in lessons using sound teaching writing strategies. Reports: Example Report Terms of Reference Margaret Anderson, Director of Personnel has requested this report on employee benefits satisfaction. The report was to be submitted to her by 28 June. Procedure A representative selection of 15% of all employees were interviewed in the period between April 1st and April 15th concerning: Overall satisfaction with our current benefits packageProblems encountered when dealing with the personnel departmentSuggestions for the improvement of communication policiesProblems encountered when dealing with our HMO Findings Employees were generally satisfied with the current benefits package.Some problems were encountered when requesting vacation due to what is perceived as long approval waiting periods.Older employees repeatedly had problems with HMO prescription drugs procedures.Employees between the ages of 22 and 30 report few problems with HMO.Most employees complain about the lack of dental insurance in our benefits package.The most common suggestion for improvement was for the ability to process benefits requests online. Conclusions Older employees, those over 50, are having serious problems with our HMOs ability to provide prescription drugs.Our benefits request system needs to be revised as most complaints concerning in-house processing.Improvements need to take place in personnel department response time.Information technology improvements should be considered as employees become more technologically savvy. Recommendations Meet with HMO representatives to discuss the serious nature of complaints concerning prescription drug benefits for older employees.Give priority to vacation request response time as employees need faster approval in order to be able to plan their vacations.Take no special actions for the benefits package of younger employees.Discuss the possibility of adding an online benefits requests system to our company Intranet. Important Points to Remember A report is divided into four areas:Terms of Reference- This section gives background information on the reason for the report. It usually includes the person requesting the report.Procedure- The procedure provides the exact steps taken and methods used for the report.Findings- The findings point out discoveries made during the course of the report investigation.Conclusions- The conclusions provide logical conclusions based on the findings.Recommendations- The recommendations state actions that the writer of the report feels need to be taken based on the findings and conclusions.Reports should be concise and factual. Opinions are given in the conclusions section. However, these opinions should be based on facts presented in the findings.Use simple tenses (usually the present simple) to express facts.Use the imperative form (Discuss the possibility ..., Give priority ..., etc.) in the recommendations section as these apply to the company as a whole. Continue learning about other types of business documents using these resources: MemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans Business memos are written to an entire office. When writing business memos make sure to clearly mark for whom the memo is intended, the reason for writing the memo and who is writing the memo. Memos tend to inform colleagues of office and procedural changes that apply to a large group of people. They often provide instructions using the imperative voice. Here is an example memo with follow-up important points to use when  writing business  memos in English. Example Memo From: Management To: Northwest Area Sales Staff RE:  New Monthly Reporting System We’d like to quickly go over some of the changes in the new monthly sales reporting system that we discussed at Monday’s special meeting. First of all, wed once again like to stress that this new system will save you a lot of time when reporting future sales. We understand that you have concerns about the amount of time that will be initially required for inputting your client data. Despite this initial effort, we are confident that you will all soon enjoy the benefits of this new system. Here is a look at the procedure you will need to follow to complete your areas client list: Log on to the company  website  at http://www.picklesandmore.comEnter your user ID and password. These will be issued next week.Once you have logged on, click on New Client.Enter the appropriate client information.Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have entered all of your clients.Once this information has been entered, select Place Order.Choose the client from the  drop down  list Clients.Choose the products from the  drop down  list Products.Choose the shipping specifications from the  drop down  list Shipping.Click on the Process Order button. As you can see, once you have entered the appropriate client information, processing orders will require NO paperwork on your part. Thank you all for your help in putting this new system into place. Best regards, Management Important Points to Remember Use the following structure to begin a memo:MEMOFrom: (person or group sending the memo)To: (person or group to whom the memo is addressed)RE:  (the subject of the memo, this should be in  bold)The term memorandum can be used instead of memo.A memo is generally is not as formal as a written letter. However, it is certainly not as informal  as a personal letter.The tone of a memo is generally friendly as it is a communication between colleagues.Keep the memo concise and to the point.If necessary, introduce the reason for the memo with a short paragraph.Use bullet points to explain the most important steps in a process.Use a short thank you to finish the memo. This need not be as formal as in a written letter. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans To learn how to write a business email, remember the following: Business emails are generally less formal than  business letters. Business emails written to colleagues are generally direct and ask for specific actions to be taken. Its important to keep your business emails short, as the easier it is to reply to an email the more likely it is that a business contact will reply quickly.   Example 1: Formal The first example shows how to write a formal business email. Note the less formal Hello in the salutation combined with a more formal style in the actual email. Hello, I read on your  website  that you offer Music CD copying for large quantities of CDs. Id like to inquire about the procedures involved in these services. Are the files transferred online, or are the titles sent by CD to you by standard mail? How long does it usually take to produce approximately 500 copies? Are there any discounts on such a large quantity? Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look forward to your response. Jack FinleySales Manager, Young Talent Inc.(709) 567 - 3498 Example 2: Informal The second example shows how to write an informal email. Notice the more conversational tone throughout the email. Its as if the writer were speaking on the phone.   At 16.22 01/07 0000, you wrote: I hear youre working on the Smith account. If you need any information dont hesitate to get in contact with me. Hi Tom, Listen, weve been working on the Smith account and I was wondering if you could give me a hand? I need some inside information on recent developments over there. Do you think you could pass on any information you might have? Thanks Peter Peter  ThompsenAccount Manager, Tri-State Accounting(698) 345 - 7843 Example 3: Very Informal In the third example, you can see a very informal email which is very similar to texting. Use this type of email only with colleagues with whom you have a close working relationship. At 11.22 01/12 0000, you wrote: Id like a suggestion for a consulting firm. How about Smith and Sons? KB Important Points to Remember Email is much less formal than a written letter. Emails are usually short and concise.If you are writing to someone you dont know, a simple Hello is adequate. Using a  salutation  such as Dear  Mr  Smith, is too formal.When writing to someone you know well, feel free to write as if you are speaking to the person.Use abbreviated verb forms (Hes, Were, Hed, etc.)Include a telephone number to the signature of the email. This will give the recipient the chance to telephone if necessary.It is not necessary to include your email address as the recipient can just reply to the email.When replying eliminate all the information that is not necessary. Only leave the sections of text that are related to your reply. This will save your reader time when reading your email. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans

An Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 116 Essay - 536 Words

An Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 116 Shakespeares Sonnet 116, denying Times harvest of love, contains 46 iambic, 15 spondaic, 6 pyrrhic, and 3 trochaic feet. Like the varying magnitudes of stars that distinguish the skys constellations, infused with myths describing all degrees and types of love, the spondaic, trochaic, and pyrrhic substitutions create a pattern of meaning that can be inferred by the discerning eye and mind. Shakespeare emphasizes his denial of the effects of Time on love by accenting not in lines 1, 2, 9, and 11, and no in lines 5 and 14. The forceful spondees at the beginning and the regular iambic feet at the end of each quatrain progressively build the poets passionate rejection of loves transience.†¦show more content†¦the quality and duration of love reciprocated, without additional information. The meanings of the poems brilliantly varied iambic lines revolve around loves one fixed star, extending this image to the whole sonnet. Quatrain 1 begins with the unusual scansion of spondee, trochaic, iambic, pyrrhic, and spondee. No matter how unusual the situation, Shakespeare will not object to mutual love between honest people. Furthermore, their love should not depend on circumstances or peoples opinions. The iambic foot of Which alters links across the poem to the spondee of Love alters in Quatrain 3. The abrupt trochaic, even, in line 12, reinforces the importance of reciprocity in love, for love to be eternal. Moreover, the word bears alludes to the myth of the enduring love of Callisto and her son, Arca, as represented by the constellations of Ursa Major and Minor, with the North Star at the point of the tail of Little Bear. Quatrain 3, with a ratio of 15 regular to 5 irregular feet, begins with 2 spondees followed by 8 iambic feet. This sequence of regular feet evokes the sweep of Times sickle, alluding to the far-reaching arc of the tail of the Great Bear cutting through and reaping the love legends linked to such constellations as Virgo (rosy lips and cheeks), Gemini (looks on tempests), and Andromeda and Perseus (impediments to the marriage of true minds). Unlike the quatrains, the final couplet begins quietly with iambic and pyrrhic feet. Then,Show MoreRelatedShakespeare - Sonnet 116 Analysis and Interpretation887 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare – Sonnet 116 Analysis and interpretation Sonnet 116 was written by William Shakespeare and published in 1609. William Shakespeare was an English writer and poet, and has written a lot of famous plays, amongst them Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan era. At that time, the literature and art was in bloom, and his works are clearly characterized by that era both as language and theme goes. 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It is mysticism and magic that plays a role in the analysis of ideas and stories of the Catholic belief during the Middle English Period which is evident in the literary works of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. A historically non-Christian era is the backdrop Pg 1 in Beowulf butRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesexaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others. 22. causal analysis writing- seeks to identify and understand the reasons why things are as they are and hence enabling focus of change activity. causal analysis links actions or events along a time line, but it differs from process analysis in that it tells us why something happens, is happening, or will probably happen. Therefore, a causal analysis can serve one or more of four main purposes: to entertain, to inform, to speculate

Med School Admission Analysis Essay Example For Students

Med School Admission Analysis Essay As a potential medical student, I will strive to be a tremendous asset to The Chicago Medical School by devoting all my time and life to becoming an excellent physician. I believe that I am obligated to use my talents in a constructive manner, in a manner that benefits society. The medical career gives me the unique opportunity to express my many talents while benefiting human life. B. Berston M.D. once said: a funny thing happens to medical students on their way to becoming physicians: they forget how to hold a conversation. I believe that my ability to communicate makes me well suited to pursue a medical career. While I possess the strong science background necessary for success in the profession, I also consider myself a people person. As a waiter and bartender, I dramatically improved and expanded my communication skills since I was constantly meeting new people and discussing different topics. Because people constantly disclosed their personal issues to me as a bartender, I learned to become not only a good conversationalist, but also an excellent listener. In medical school, I also plan to pursue side work educating students and serving as a resource to the public. One of my most rewarding experiences has been tutoring high school students in math, physics, and biology, and helping people in my choir learn Byzantine music. Always able to develop a good rapport with students, I believe I possess a talent for teaching others in a friendly manner and in a manner that helps them to grasp difficult concepts easily. As part of my medical career, I will aim to continue teaching and to provide information to the public on the prevention and treatment of ailments and diseases. Undoubtedly my cultural diversity will be a great contribution to The Chicago Medical School. Being raised in a Greek family in Canada, visiting different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many diverse cultural groups and geographical areas. This allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other medical students and help me serve my patients better in the future. Highly motivated to succeed, I dramatically improved my grades following a time of confusion and immaturity in 1990 and 1991,which was brought on by family illness and turmoil. Once I realized what goal I wanted to pursue in life, I worked hard to succeed, and my remaining five years of schooling are truly indicative of my intellectual capacity and motivation for success. My strength as a candidate to The Chicago Medical School lies mostly in the objectives that I plan to fulfill upon becoming a physician. They are, in no particular order of importance, as follows: To provide excellence in comprehensive care by using my acquired skills as both a competent professional and also as a compassionate human being. To cultivate my leadership role both in  the community of my practice and in the nation to formulate and maintain health care principles and advancements. To employ the latest knowledge and techniques in detection and prevention of disease, and the restoration of health. To develop and employ methods to take care of an aging population. To show reverence for human beings by giving excellent care to all To forever expand my knowledge through experience, continuing education courses, and research. I have been diligent in my pursuit of medicine as a career because I am convinced that medicine offers me the opportunity to live a fulfilling, rewarding life dedicated to helping others. I will enter medicine eager to learn and thirsting for the knowledge to help my fellow human beings. Attending The Chicago Medical School would be one of the greatest rewards for my motivation and persistence for success. I swear to uphold and exceed all that is expected of a future physician while promoting the progress of medicine and humanity.